A third assumption is that people want different things from the organization (e.g., good 1Ģ 2 salary, job security, advancement, and challenge). VROOM 1964 EXPECTANCY THEORY PDF DOWNLOAD FREEThat is, people are free to choose those behaviors suggested by their own expectancy calculations. A second assumption is that an individual s behavior is a result of conscious choice. These influence how individuals react to the organization. One assumption is that people join organizations with expectations about their needs, motivations, and past experiences. Expectancy theory is based on four assumptions (Vroom, 1964). Victor Vroom (1964) was the first to develop an expectancy theory with direct application to work settings, which was later expanded and refined by Porter and Lawler (1968) and others (Pinder, 1987). In other words, people will be motivated if they believe that strong effort will lead to good performance and good performance will lead to desired rewards. That is, expectancy theory is a cognitive process theory of motivation that is based on the idea that people believe there are relationships between the effort they put forth at work, the performance they achieve from that effort, and the rewards they receive from their effort and performance. Expectancy theory is more concerned with the cognitive antecedents that go into motivation and the way they relate to each other. Need theories of motivation (Alderfer, 1972 Herzberg, 1968 Maslow, 1970 McClelland, 1976) attempt to explain what motivates people in the workplace. It identifies several important things that can be done to motivate employees by altering the person s effort-to-performance expectancy, performance-to-reward expectancy, and reward valences. From a management standpoint, the expectancy theory has some important implications for motivating employees. Instead, Vroom s theory provides a process of cognitive variables that reflects individual differences in work motivation. Lunenburg Sam Houston State University ABSTRACT Vroom s expectancy theory differs from the content theories of Maslow, Alderfer, Herzberg, and McClelland in that Vroom s expectancy theory does not provide specific suggestions on what motivates organization members. 1 VOLUME 15, NUMExpectancy Theory of Motivation: Motivating by Altering Expectations Fred C.
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